When cancer spreads from its original site to other parts of the body, it's known as metastatic cancer. This article aims to provide information about cancer metastasis, the common areas of metastasis based on the origin of the cancer, observable signs and symptoms, and how families can support their loved ones as the cancer progresses.
What is Metastatic Cancer?
Metastatic cancer is when cancer cells spread from the point of origin to distant areas in the body. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells can grow outside of their original location. Metastatic tumors can grow into nearby tissue, travel through the bloodstream, or move through the lymph system.
Types of Cancer Prone to Metastasis
Virtually all types of cancers can potentially metastasize, but certain types are more likely to spread. Some common types include:
Breast cancer
Prostate cancer
Lung cancer
Kidney cancer
Thyroid cancer
Colon cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Bone cancer
Liver cancer
Common Sites of Metastatic Cancer
The most common areas where cancer tends to spread:
Bones
Liver
Lungs
Brain
Lymph nodes
Common Sites of Cancer Metastasis Table
Cancer Origin
Common Sites of Metastasis
Bone
Liver, Lungs, Peritoneum
Brain
Various parts of brain
Breast
Lungs, Liver, Bones, Brain
Colorectal
Liver, Lungs, Peritoneum
Kidney
Lungs, Bones, Liver, Brain
Laryngeal
Lungs, Bone, Liver, Neck, Trachea
Liver
Lungs, Bones, Lymph Nodes
Lung
Bones, Lymph Nodes, Lungs, Liver
Ovary
Peritoneum, Liver, Lungs
Pancreas
Liver, Lungs, Peritoneum
Parotid Gland
Lungs, Lymph Nodes, Nerves in the Face and Neck
Prostate
Bones, Lymph Nodes, Lungs, Liver
Stomach
Liver, Lungs, Peritoneum
Thyroid
Lungs, Bones, Lymph Nodes
All types of cancers can potentially metastasize, but certain types are more likely to spread. This table considers the most common areas where cancer tends to spread based on where starting location (origin) of the cancer.
Observable Signs and Symptoms of Metastasis
Signs of metastasis can vary depending on the affected area. Some common observable signs include:
Persistent pain: Feeling pain that does not disappear or worsens over time. This can happen if the cancer cells damage the bones, nerves, or organs.
Fractures or bone weakness: Bones that break easily or feel weak can happen if cancer cells weaken the bones or cause them to lose calcium.
Difficulty breathing: If the cancer cells spread to the lungs or chest area, trouble breathing or coughing can occur frequently.
Frequent headaches or neurological symptoms: If the cancer cells spread to the brain or spinal cord, you may experience headaches, dizziness, or changes in how you think or act.
Swelling or lumps in lymph nodes: Seeing swelling or lumps under the skin, especially near the armpits, neck, or groin. This can happen if the cancer cells spread to the lymph nodes, which are small glands that help fight infections.
Jaundice (yellowing of skin or eyes) if the liver is affected: Skin or eyes that look yellow. This can happen if the cancer cells spread to the liver, which helps digest food and remove toxins from the body.
Supporting Your Loved One as Cancer Progresses
As cancer progresses, your support becomes crucial. Here are some ways to help your loved one:
Emotional Support
Sometimes, your loved one may want to talk about how they feel or what they are afraid of. You can be a good listener and tell them you are there for them. You can also say things that make them feel hopeful and loved, such as “I'm proud of you” or “You are not alone.”
Physical Comfort
Your loved one may have pain or discomfort because of the cancer or the treatments. You can help them by giving them their medicines, making them comfortable in bed, or massaging their hands or feet. You can also ask them what they need or want to feel better.
Practical Help
Your loved one may be unable to do things they used to, such as cooking, cleaning, or driving. You can help them by doing these things for them or asking someone else to help. You can also help them get to their doctor appointments and keep track of their medicines and test results.
Communication
Your loved one may have things they want to say or do before they die. You can help them by having honest and respectful conversations with them. You can ask them about their wishes and preferences, such as where they want to die, who they want to see, or what they want to do. You can also help them write a will, a letter, or a video message for their loved ones.
Quality Time
Your loved one may want to spend time with you and do things they enjoy. You can help them by being with them and doing activities that make them happy, such as watching a movie, listening to music, or playing a game. You can also share memories, stories, or jokes with them and make them laugh.
Care Coordination
Your loved one may need different care from various people, such as doctors, nurses, or hospice workers. You can help them by working with these people and ensuring they get the best care possible. You can also ask questions, share information, and express your concerns or opinions.
Conclusion
Understanding metastatic cancer and its signs is crucial for patients, caregivers, and nurses. By knowing the common sites of metastasis, observing symptoms, and providing compassionate support, families can enhance the quality of life for their loved ones on their end-of-life journey.
